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I understand how to use PLS-SEM to produce outer loadings. However, can anyone explain how PLS calculates outer loadings? Or possibly provide the formula (that can be done by hand or in Excel, SPSS; a procedure, or theory? Can anyone recommend any resources (videos, etc.)? I'd like to understand the workings behind the numbers? What causes a high loading? What causes a low loading etc.?

Thank you for any help that can be provided.

In a normal PLS algorithm, where both latent variables and indicators are standardized, the outer loadings are simply the correlations between the indicator and the estimated latent variable score.

As the latent variable score is a weighted sum of the indicators, you usually have higher outer loadings, if you indicators of a construct correlate highly. Because then also the correlation between the resulting latent variable composite and the indicators is higher.

Hi Scholars , PLS-SEM experts;

What causes for a high loading? and
What causes for a low loading ?

BR
Padmika