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I would like to know which is the minimum acceptable value of the "loadings" (0.6 or 0.7).

Thank you

Hi Miguel,
It is recommended 0,7 because 0,7^2 = 0,49
49% (almost 50%) of the variance of the indicator is explained by its LV.

Remenbering that AVE also should be > 50% (all loading = 0,7; the AVE will be 49%).

In practical cases we have some indicators lower than 0,7, but others bigger than 0,7, with AVE > 0,5;
in this case is common to keep the indicator even when its loading < 0,7, mainly in cases where we have just 3 or 4 indicators.

Best regards.
Bido

Hi,

Can Outer Loadings be negative for a reflective indicator.
In my case 3 out 6 indicators for a reflective dimension have a negative outler loading.

Thanks,
Nitin

Hi Nitin,
It could be a problem because this has a influence in the signal of the structural paths (could change the signal).
I suggest that:
1) Compare these results with the simple correlations between these indicators (the signals should be the same)
2) You could invert the scale of some indicators to have all of them with positive correlations.
3) After that, the results in SmartPLS will be more interpretable.
Best regards.
Bido

lopez wrote:I would like to know which is the minimum acceptable value of the "loadings" (0.6 or 0.7).

Thank you

And these results should be taken from the "Cross loading" under "Quality criteria" section in the the regular (not Bootstrap) results? Just to be sure!

Thank you,

Pankaj

Hi Nitin,
the simple correlations between the indicators could be assessed in Excel or SPSS.
The "outer loadings" or "cross loadings" will show the same results that you could see in the model.
Best regards,
Bido

Diogenes wrote:Hi Nitin,
It could be a problem because this has a influence in the signal of the structural paths (could change the signal).
I suggest that:
2) You could invert the scale of some indicators to have all of them with positive correlations.

Bido

professor
How to invert the scale of indicators that have negative sign in PLS?

Thanks in advance!

Hi Sun,

with 5 point Likert scale, to have 1 --> 5; 2 --> 4...
Just do "New value = 6 - Old value"

with 7 point Likert scale, to have 1 --> 7; 2 --> 6...
Just do "New value = 8 - Old value"

With numeric value (measured variable) wwe could multiply the values by (-1).

Best regards,
Bido

Thank you , professor
Could you tell me the principal of inverting the numerical values,
or provide some papers about it ?

I am looking forward. Thanks in advanced!

is it possible for loadings to exceed 1 ?

Hi,

1) Some references about reverse coded item:
Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. (see p.326).
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. (see p.99).
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale Development: theory and applications. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. (see pp.91-92).
Spector, P. E. (1992). Summated Rating Scale Construction: an introduction. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. (see p.22).

2) Outer loading usually is standardized (like correlations between LV and its reflective indicators), for this reason, it is not expected that its value be greater than 1.
If you are using formative indicators, the outer weights could have values greater than 1 because the multicollinearity between them.

Best regards,

Bido

Hi,

A classical reference about this:

LIKERT, Rensis. 1932. A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology, n.140, pp.1-50.
That was republished in Spanish in 1976:
WAINERMAN. C. H. (compil.). 1976. Escalas de medición em ciências sociales. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Nueva Visión. pp.199-260.

He recommends the inversion of the scale when the item-total correlation is negative (p252).

Best regards,

Bido

Diogenes wrote:Hi Miguel,
It is recommended 0,7 because 0,7^2 = 0,49
49% (almost 50%) of the variance of the indicator is explained by its LV.

Remenbering that AVE also should be > 50% (all loading = 0,7; the AVE will be 49%).

In practical cases we have some indicators lower than 0,7, but others bigger than 0,7, with AVE > 0,5;
in this case is common to keep the indicator even when its loading < 0,7, mainly in cases where we have just 3 or 4 indicators.

Best regards.
Bido

Hi, Professor Diogenes Bido,

Since, i'm not good at statistic. now i know the standard and i wanna know about others like AVE and T-value's Standard. And from where that i can get the reference about support such loading is acceptable. can professor give me some reference paper. thank you

Best regards
Melvin

Hi Prof. Bido,

What happen if the outer loadings for INDICATORS are below 0.7?, what was the problem actually?, it is caused by most of responses across constructs are 1,2,3 , which group as Strongly Disagree etc..

Thanks

Hi Prof Bido,

What happen if one of the variable's AVE is <0.5 while others are >0.5.

Thanks.